Bell-cap Panaeolus
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bulliard) Quélet
Bell-cap Panaeolus: https://marylandbiodiversity.org/species/12431
Synonyms
Paneolinus campanulatus  Petticoat Mottlegill 
Tags

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9 Records

GAALWAFRCLMOHOBABCHACEPGAACVCHSMKEQACNTADOWISOWO

Status

Found solitary or in groups on horse dung.

Description

Cap: Brownish, olive-gray or grayish-tan; surface smooth; conic (bell-shaped in age); margin rimmed with tooth-like whitish veil remnants. Gills: Grayish (black in age), edges light, subdistant. Stalk: Grayish-white covered with dense gray fuzz, hollow (J. Solem, pers. comm.).

Relationships

Associated with horse manure.

Resources

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Citations

No citations linked for this taxon yet.

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Source: Wikipedia

Panaeolus papilionaceus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Bolbitiaceae
Genus: Panaeolus
Species:
P. papilionaceus
Binomial name
Panaeolus papilionaceus
Synonyms

Agaricus calosus
Agaricus campanulatus
Agaricus papilionaceus
Galerula campanulata
Panaeolus campanulatus
Panaeolus sphinctrinus

Panaeolus papilionaceus
Mycological characteristics
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnexed
Stipe is bare
Spore print is black
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is inedible

Panaeolus papilionaceus,[a] commonly known as the bell-capped mottlegill[2] or Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed small brown mushroom that feeds on dung.

This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.

Description

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The cap is 1–5 centimetres (1⁄2–2 in) across, obtusely conic then becoming campanulate, and grayish brown.[1] It is not hygrophanous and the margin is adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge.[1] The flesh is thin.[3]

The gills are adnate to adnexed, close to crowded,[3] one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. The spore print is black.[3]

The stipe is 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,[1] fibrous, and pruinose.

The odor is mild and the taste unappetizing.

Microscopic features

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The spores are 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore.

Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.

Similar species

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Panaeolus retirugis is similar but more robust, with a larger cap and thicker stem.[4] Panaeolus pantropicalis has a more tropical distribution than Panaeolus papilionaceus and Panaeolus retirugis.[5]

Habitat and formation

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Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including[6] Canada (Alberta,[7] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,[7] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,[7] Indiana,[7] Louisiana,[7] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,[7] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,[7] Washington),[7] the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,[7] Norway, Slovenia,[7] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.

Edibility

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Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible[8] and is not substantial. While similar-looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, contain psilocybin, P. papilionaceus does not.[9]

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  • P. papilionaceus var. papilionaceus
    P. papilionaceus var. papilionaceus

See also

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References

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Footnotes

  1. ^ Also known as Agaricus calosus, Panaeolus campanulatus and P. sphinctrinus[1]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  2. ^ Siegel, Noah; Schwarz, Christian (September 1, 2024). Mushrooms of Cascadia: A Comprehensive Guide to Fungi of the Pacific Northwest. Humboldt County, CA: Backcountry Press. p. 104. ISBN 9781941624197.
  3. ^ a b c Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 356–57. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
  4. ^ Voto, Pietro; Angelini, Claudio; Botánico, Jardín; Rafael, Nacional; Republic, Dominican (2024-07-29). "New data Panaeolus papilionaceus complex P. punjabensis". ResearchGate. pp. 40–57. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
  5. ^ Voto, Pietro; Angelini, Claudio (2024-04-09). "Studies in the Panaeolus papilionaceus complex (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae): two new species discovered in the Dominican Republic and Australia. Mycological Observations". ResearchGate. p. 1–32. Retrieved 2026-01-22.
  6. ^ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
  8. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  9. ^ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.
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